Biomedical Informatics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Biomedical Informatics - Essay Example The Six Sigma alludes to a quality level that is inclined to negligible operational or test blunders. In factual investigation, Six Sigma speaks to standard deviation that demonstrates the degree of variety in a test or activity (Pokharkar et al. 1160). The exceptionally taught system involves three components that incorporate procedure improvement, re-plan, and procedure the board (Pokharkar et al. 1161). The Six Sigma methodology was at first predominant in the assembling business where it assumed a respectable job in meeting the client’s needs dependent on the DMAIC strategy (Snee 4). Be that as it may, different businesses including the social insurance industry have since received the six-sigma methodology to address the increased serious market pressures (Pokharkar et al. 1160-1163). For sure, Lean and Six Sigma procedures have been essential in clinical and translational examination where they improve different procedures. The system can accomplish this by taking out deferrals and mistakes, improving quality, and encouraging the opportune appropriation of biomedical revelations. The NIH Roadmap for Biomedical Research and the NIH Clinical and Translational Science Award program perceive the capability of the six-sigma quality enhancements in clinical preliminaries (Schweikhart and Dembe 748). Different researchers set up that Lean and Six Sigma relate and attempt to impro ve all out quality administration by inferring a progressively discrete and quantifiable activity. The technique additionally measures results and targets conveying certain quality upgrades inside a given period. Clinical preliminaries depend on six-sigma quality upgrades to focus on process the board, receive normalized technique for checking process improvement, and ensuring that the preliminaries address the clients’ needs. Much of the time, the six sigma procedure cooperates with the lean technique, which targets improving conveyance time, diminishing activity costs, limiting process durations, and

How Academic Interests Can Boost Your Career

How Academic Interests Can Boost Your CareerStudents who love learning, but do not necessarily feel the need to focus on their academic interests will enjoy a successful college experience. In fact, students who put their academic interests first will probably achieve more in their career than those who have to strain to keep up with their classwork.Student's academic interests are an important factor when it comes to choosing a college. You want to pick a college that best matches your educational goals and personality. This is true for all students, whether you love math, science, or your other interests.You should know that your study habits may need some help if you have difficulty putting your academic interests ahead of your career. If you don't have great concentration skills, or do not like to stay on task, you may need some outside help to help you learn how to work in the classroom.By spending extra time getting the most out of your academic activities, you will get more of the learning out of the class. There are many ways to help with study habits. Some students prefer to be assigned a mentor in the academic department, or they prefer to use an online self-assessment tool, to assist them in their academic endeavors.Unfortunately, academic achievement is a major factor in landing a job or paying off student loans. When the results of studies are discussed in a public forum, you want to make sure your grades are top notch. If your grades are below par, students may think you are lazy or unproductive, and your grade can significantly affect your ability to get hired, get a good job, and secure your financial future.Students who are able to balance work and school is one of the best parts of their day. Their future employers may not have any problem with their studies, and they can show that they are not lazy. They are likely to be hired for alower salary.By providing support for your academic skills, you can teach yourself how to focus on your studies. This can get you out of your rut and help you reach your goal of landing a job or doing well in school. You may be shocked at how quickly you learn how to work hard at your work, but once you learn how to balance your studies and your work, you will probably be able to pay off your loans and find your place in the world.Students who take care of their academic interests are the ones who end up making it into the career they wanted. By helping yourself and others get the most out of their academic endeavors, you are more likely to accomplish your goals, get a better job, and save money for your retirement.

Rc Plane free essay sample

Remote Controlled Mini Air Vehicle Design, Build and Fly What is a MAV 1. MAV is fundamentally an a lot littler model of a real airplane and subsequently its elements are very different and harder to comprehend. 2. There are 3 degrees of opportunity for a MAV: move, pitch and yaw. 3. To accomplish these movements, there are three control surfaces: ailerons, lifts and rudder. CONTROL SURFACES Forces on a MAV Realize the difficult articulation Decide the elements of the MAV Select the segments as indicated by the difficult explanation and the heaviness of the MAV Get it flown by somebody who knows flying. Coordinate all the parts with most ideal exactness and test the engines. Steps to cause a MAV To pick Material for body : 1. Balsa? Delicate and light Easy to chip away at Available in strips Most generally utilized in air displaying 2. Thermocole/Foam? Pick High Density Thermocole (HDT), Foam Very light Needs Reinforcement Source: 1. Balsa in India Hobby Center, Lamington Road 2. We will compose a custom exposition test on Rc Plane or then again any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Froth in Abdul Latif Habib Bhai Shop, Crawford Market, CST. Get a Brushless Motor to control your MAV and a speed Controller Motor Controllers upto 140A task assist coaches with checking on PROPELLER Fixed Pitch 2. 5 cm to 65 cm 50 gm to 15kg airplane Variable Pitch For little engines For turn around flying Actuators SERVOS Power Source Remote Controller COST!!!! Cost of the parts in question: 1. Beneficiary: 1800 Rs. 2. Servos: 425Rs. every 3. Remote: 3500 Rs. 4. Engine Combo (incorporates an engine, speed controller and 1 propeller): 1300 Rs. 5. LiPo battery: 600 Rs. 6. Propellers: 95Rs. Each Total cost required (without the RC framework and the propellers): Rs. 3175 Foam costs around 120Rs. Per sheet. Source: 1. On the web however the costs will get 1. times because of delivery charges. 2. Mr. Sai from Chennai. (His child had won the last year’s Techfest’s fueled lightweight flyer occasion. ) Some IMORTANT Tips!!!! 1. Continuously start off with planning the MAV on paper and demonstrate it to an educator/senior before beginning with building. 2. Check the LiPo battery for its voltage before utilizing it. You may need to charge it once. (We had just abou t an impact because of this. Furthermore, more terrible we lost the 2000Rs. Worth battery. ) 3. MAV is an exceptionally shaky plane in flight. Henceforth any slight asymmetry in the structure will get exceptionally showed in the flight. . The structure of MAV is more about accuracy than its real plan. Likewise attempt to keep its surface smooth to decrease drag. Attempt to give an aerofoil shape to the wing. 5. The structure of the MAV ought to effortlessly be done inside 3 days in the wake of having all the parts and the plan prepared. FLYING!!!! 1. The real test is flying the RC plane which needs LOTS of coordinated practice. 2. A year ago, we had our plane prepared 10 days before the opposition and attempted our level best to fly it however couldn’t even fly till 10 mts. . This year, you have numerous offices which can help you in getting the hang of flying. Offices in the office: 1. We have imported a RC Flight Simulator which reenacts the trip of a MAV and has the remote controller as the joystick. It will give the closest? to? genuine flying experience. 2. We have a RC spinner which autopilots one level of opportunity. I rehearsed it via auto guiding the move movement and was useful in learning. (We didn’t have the RC Flight Sim around then. )

Fraud, Deceptions, and Downright Lies About When Writing an Essay on a Book Do You Need to Note Page Numbers Exposed

<h1> Fraud, Deceptions, and Downright Lies About When Writing an Essay on a Book Do You Need to Note Page Numbers Exposed </h1> <p>If you might want to appear as something else, you're probably going to require a system. Note taking which is any technique that requires the chronicle of data from another source facilitates the act of paper writing in various methods. Recorded beneath are uncommon cases that might be written from multiple points of view. Rather, there are a couple extra estimates you should take before you're finished. </p> <p>So, a magnificent arrangement of guidelines is just a lifeline for an understudy who wishes to make an excellent exposition and discover an evaluation of the school mates and educators. Quest for hints to the character of the book you will peruse. It is vital to know that the core of a book survey isn't to denounce the work, however rather, to give a restorative light to the work. You may not be directly on each thought, yet the best thing about KWL notes is you don't need to return and delete what you got off-base essentially to prepare for new thoughts. </p> <p>From time to time, a doled out paper will demand that you study a particular article or section from the program understanding rundown. To have the option to make a book investigation paper, you must peruse the book. At the point when you make the blueprint and the book examination paper, you must explain the characteristics of the chief characters inside the book. A diagram of what will be talked about all through the rest of the article may likewise be remembered for the presentation section, whenever wanted. </p> <p>Just like any exposition, the absolute first passage ought to present the theme. Composing your notes in your words is among the best techniques to forestall inadvertent literary theft. The following couple of sentences will have progressively solid data regarding the matter, and afterward the author will gracefully a proposition proclamation. </p> <p>The distributed basic examination of various perusers may likewise be used to help your sentiment or work as a counterargument. You may find papers on the web, which are likely distributed on a webpage or as a component of an on-line diary or magazine. For example, on the off chance that you realize you need to compose APA references in your exposition, record the data in the suitable request now. You will be provided with a rundown of composing organizations and will be able to appraise the spending you need to get the excellent article. </p> <p>For occurrence, the positive qualities of the book might be that the plot was connecting with and that the story wasn't excessively unmistakable. Consider your exposition's theory for a guarantee to your crowd about what kind of examination you've made for the books and permit it to be explicit. Numerous proficiency stories are composed and distributed by renowned authors to help their crowd get the opportunity to get them. Next you wish to think about building up your theme. </p> <h2>when Writing an Essay on a Book Do You Need to Note Page Numbers - the Story </h2> <p>Sometimes, you should join the page number in the occasion the idea is amazingly explicit. Contingent upon the kind of work you're refering to, you may need to incorporate additional subtleties. Make your composing area a specific space, so that on the off chance that you enter it, you're set up to take care of business. Note accepting isn't the open door to form total sentences, not to mention passages, except if you're citing material. </p> <p>Open the word handling programming you're utilizing to form your paper. Precisely the same technique lets you discover free of pointless bits of your statement. Be sure to note which bits of data in your paper are cited or drawn from each source. Set the reference in quotes at the finish of the sentence where the data is referenced. </p> <p>Sometimes you probably won't have a clue about the date of a particular article from the net. At the finish of each review, a connection was given which will guide you into the suitable challenge's page which will offer extensive data for that particular challenge. Snap the check box in the event that you need to get a number on the absolute first page of the exposition. Make note of data with respect to the course reading, which could every now and again be found on the cover sheet. </p> <h2> when Writing an Essay on a Book Do You Need to Note Page Numbers - Dead or Alive?</h2> <p>In the occasion the title is progressively sullen, you're as yet ready to utilize it so as to make forecasts. Setting a day by day cutoff time and typical composing time will ensure that you don't have to consider when you will compose. At the point when utilized, another cover sheet isn't numbered. Besides, you'll likewise get a thoroughly free catalog page notwithstanding an enemy of unoriginality check. </p> <p>Books would develop to be any longer and perusing unquestionably progressively repetitive. For diaries or magazines, you will likewise should be comfortable with volume and issue number. You don't have to make papers alone. Gather the materials you'll require. </p>

Topic Ideas and How to Start Writing a Good Essay

<h1>Topic Ideas and How to Start Writing a Good Essay</h1><p>Before composing a decent paper, be certain that you as of now have great themes to compose an exposition on. It very well may be more difficult than one might expect however when you are adhered on the most proficient method to begin the way toward exploring for points and looking through on the web, there are a couple of tips that can support you. Continue perusing to find precisely what to do and what to avoid!</p><p></p><p>Firstly, be explicit with respect to the subject that you need to compose. For instance, in the event that you need to compose an article on a well known TV appear, you should pick a specialty. Additionally, on the off chance that you need to compose a paper on celebrated competitor, a similar standard applies. You can discover progressively about the specialty with a web search or by conversing with individuals in that field.</p><p></p><p >Secondly, don't wrongly think that since it is a point that everybody knows about, you will have the option to compose an article on it. The web is loaded with data, and you have to utilize it accurately. In the event that you don't figure out how to explore around a subject and do your exploration appropriately, at that point you are going to burn through your time. Very frequently, understudies, who start their investigations on the web and choose to compose on a theme that they are inexperienced with, wind up changing their exposition inside a day since they didn't know about the potential pitfalls.</p><p></p><p>As expressed above, pick a subject that you know a ton about. Attempt to think about the most mainstream points to compose an exposition on with the goal that you can get some information about them and get a few thoughts. You may likewise need to keep a rundown of themes that you know about to give yourself a reference point as you write.</ p><p></p><p>Once you have picked the subject, the time has come to start exploring on it. Remember to incorporate a quest for watchwords with the goal that you will have a thought of what you are searching for when you go to the web crawlers. Great catchphrases will assist with controlling you through what you ought to do and what you shouldn't do when composing your essay.</p><p></p><p>When looking through on the web, additionally know about the entire assortment of subjects that are accessible. This is on the grounds that there are a wide range of classifications that are related with the point and you should incorporate an extraordinary classification for your exposition. Once more, in the event that you utilize all the catchphrases accurately, this ought not be troublesome at all.</p><p></p><p>Once you have investigated and picked a point, the time has come to really start composing the paper. Make certain to c ompose each day with the goal that your exposition doesn't get stale or exhausting. Remember that on the off chance that you begin composing and figure you can complete in a day, you will compose such a large number of words that it will be too long to even consider publishing on a site or put on an understudy's close to home website.</p><p></p><p>Do not stress a lot over the topic and stick to it until you feel it is done. Actually, you might need to record it on paper so you can take notes while you take a shot at it!</p>

Using Good Argumentative Essay Topics

<h1>Using Good Argumentative Essay Topics</h1><p>Good pugnacious article subjects are not typically difficult to find. The individuals at school ought to get this. There is no compelling reason to require some serious energy and exertion to make new contentions. There are a lot of smart thoughts that can be utilized in these sorts of essays.</p><p></p><p>Some thoughts for school composing have to do with the manner in which universities are being run. Are the chairmen the ideal individuals? For what reason are they the way they are?</p><p></p><p>One thought for good pugnacious article subjects is to take a gander at all the costs the schools are confronting. Discover what it expenses to keep them open. The more things going on, the more costs they have.</p><p></p><p>If the school can not continue its activity, does that mean there are different reasons why it isn't bringing in cash? For what rea son is the enlistment down? These are on the whole great inquiries to answer when composing a pugnacious essay.</p><p></p><p>Another great factious article themes is about a bombing economy. How does that influence universities. Do they see more understudies getting degrees at a quicker rate or does it make them increasingly reluctant to concede more students?</p><p></p><p>Writing great pugnacious article subjects about these kinds of inquiries is the thing that we will examine in another post. Meanwhile, the key is to have a genuine theme that will permit you to state something worth perusing. Something that somebody might have the option to relate to.</p><p></p><p>Good contentious article themes ought to be one that merits perusing and expounding on. It is possibly going to be utilized on the off chance that it merits talking about. It is smarter to compose a decent point than to utilize an exposition subject that does not merit composing about.</p><p></p><p>Good pugnacious paper themes are anything but difficult to get a hold of. School overseers should know this.</p>

Choosing Compare and Contrast Essay Samples Readings Is Simple

<h1> Choosing Compare and Contrast Essay Samples Readings Is Simple</h1> <p>After examining two unmistakable subjects freely, presently you can break down them together in a particular section. Regardless of what sort of article you're required to compose, whether confirmations, logical, contentious and a few different papers, choosing a theme is the most significant. It's entirely expected to be doled out to create articles in each region of study, not exactly when taking an organization class. You need just find the ones that identify with the specific point you discovered during the examination. </p> <p>Look at these models which make cool correlations as well as likewise help you see what an excellent examination article seems like. Once more, investigate papers can cover pretty much any point and may spring up in various branches of knowledge. A not too bad look into article goes past a straightforward posting of similitudes and contrasts to procure an important explanation about a greater point. Take a gander at a couple of extremely incredible examples of papers to lead you in transit. </p> <p>Or, while shopping, you differentiate two unmistakable shirts to figure out which to purchase. Both have a wide cluster of costly, exquisite eateries alongside a comparable amount of worldwide and mainstream stores. Each has an epidermis, however orange skins are thick and easy to strip. </p> <p>Anyway, you're thoroughly allowed to utilize a couple of different tips. Pull out applicable points of interest and information, and complete the realistic coordina tor you selected to utilize. Now you have significant subtleties, so rate your data as for the correlation. The following activity is to start composing. </p> <h2> The Do's and Don'ts of Compare and Contrast Essay Samples Readings </h2> <p>Each circle speaks to one specific subject. Simply ensure that you focus on all we've secured inside this post to start, and you'll do extraordinary! Essentially make two covering hovers, one for every last one of the points which you're looking at. It recognizes the point and point of the paper. </p> <h2> Where to Find Compare and Contrast Essay Samples Readings</h2> <p>Based on your undertaking, you may have an extra advance, which is to esteem the data you've found and use it for whatever assignment is expected of you. The technique will show up truly comparative. The absolute initial step is to decide exactly what you should assess. You're looking wonderful so far. </p> <p>It ought to completely mirror your essential thought and give the thinking. In your presentation compose a couple of sentences demonstrating that there's a great purpose for correlation. Curiously, such isn't the situation with Molly and Morgan. Focus on your essential contention. </p> <p>Hughes aesthetically utilizes the primary individual perspective to help the impact of the story. Moreover, his striking style and justifiable metaphor brought about the white crowd to comprehend the blunder in their waysor in any event think about his outlook. Despite the fact that these sonnets both make utilization of first-individual voices, they each utilization voice to different finishes. In the event that, for example, you endeavored to show that the arena Universal is significantly better than the arena Albano you have to wind up by focusing on the straightforward actuality that arena Universal is better, rather than leaving peruser with the explanation that Albano may look better moreove r. </p> <h2> The One Thing to Do for Compare and Contrast Essay Samples Readings </h2> <p>Before you start any paper, you should get a comprehension of the best approach to compose it. In case you're not set up to ace the craft of scholarly composing alone, there's definitely no compelling reason to go the site of an official composing administration for understudies and buy a moderate paper composed without any preparation to stand out from the rest of your friends! To gather such information, a nitty gritty primary exploration is fundamental. Try not to disregard to edit your work. </p> <h2> Ruthless Compare and Contrast Essay Samples Readings Strategies Exploited </h2> <p>The following are a few different ways of arranging and planning such an exposition. Understudies may regularly comprehend the structure with just a short amount of guidance. I've seen a lot of understudies become stayed constantly passage since they didn't prepare . </p> <p>Whether you're prepared to make your look into paper or you're in the act of developing your own one of a kind infectious point it would be of help to look at thoroughly analyze article guides to have an away from of what you have to compose. Such an exposition should be one of unquestionably the most required sorts of writing in school. A solid article will have an initial passage that accompanies a proposal proclamation and a closing section. A difference article isn't as confused as you accept. </p> <p>Now you realize how to make a thoroughly analyze theory articulation, get readied to blow your educator from the water with a rockin' exposition. The subject for an investigate paper will most likely be set by the point or course an understudy is selected. Counsel your educator for lucidity if necessary. </p> <p>You need to have in any event three measure which you use to think about or differentiate. You've just pronounced it. Your examination should help someone's comprehension of the articles you're differentiating. </p> <h2> The Supreme Strategy to Compare and Contrast Essay Samples Readings</h2> <p>This way you can adequately put over your thoughts on the particular subjects you're contrasting and gain an association and your peruser, the specific individual who you might want to dazzle. There are in any event two procedures to deal with this situation. You have only one chance to snare your perusers and have them included, which impl ies you need to look at creative procedures to start your papers. Too as often as possible, understudies might want to have the instructor to create choices for them. </p> <p>To start with, you can incorporate however many sections as could be allowed dependent on the thoughts which you have. To put it diversely logical work is likely from you. Once in a while, it's too difficult to even think about composing this or some other scholastic piece of composing. Do no lengthier beginning composition till you have a factor that the similitudes or varieties you need to utilize help to appear. </p>

Research Paper Appendices - How to Write Like a Prof?

<h1>Research Paper Appendices - How to Write Like a Prof?</h1><p>Research papers are obviously, the object of all the paper composing and research work. This is the thing that they are fundamentally utilized for. Be that as it may, to lay it out plainly, you should have the option to compose a paper that can face examination of the peruser. There are a few characteristics that you ought to endeavor to have in your examination paper, and these are illustrated below.</p><p></p><p>The first quality in your exploration paper reference sections is that they ought to be appropriately designed. Legitimate designing is tied in with making the substance look slick and expert. This implies you ought to have a sufficient space of one page for each supplement and full chapter by chapter guide. Besides, don't be reluctant to incorporate pictures to give your paper that additional style. It might sound evident however the last yield relies upon this, so yo u should keep your supplements useful and not boring.</p><p></p><p>Proper arranging is a flat out must in all the addendums you put in your exploration paper. Legitimate designing guarantees that the substance looks flawless and proficient. You should attempt to have all the correct data in your examination paper appendices.</p><p></p><p>Next in significance in the rundown of research paper reference sections quality originates from including a list of chapters. The chapter by chapter list is essential as it makes the whole paper effectively safe. It gives a consistent area to all the pieces of the paper. It likewise helps maintain the control of the paper in check.</p><p></p><p>When the examination paper reference sections are very much organized, you can focus on the substance in the informative supplement itself. The reference section ought to likewise be educational and valuable to the peruser. Thusly, your examination paper ought to contain great and helpful substance. You ought not set up any pointless information in your examination paper appendices.</p><p></p><p>One of the best strategies to abstain from making your exploration paper work like a garbled chaos is to make it a propensity to record all the data in an orderly way. Great research paper reference sections ought to be composed efficiently and plainly. Put the realities in their correct spot, much the same as a genuine scientist would do.</p><p></p><p>When you are composing your examination paper, you can have a framework and sketch out the various segments of the paper. This will assist you with placing your thoughts into a sound structure. Such a framework is acceptable when composing the reference sections as well.</p><p></p><p>Also, the exploration paper informative supplements ought to be sorted out as per the request for the paper. All the releva nt data ought to be written in a sequential way. This makes the examination paper fascinating and simple to peruse. This will likewise help in making the examination paper significantly simpler to write.</p>

The Fight Against Best Writing Service Research Paper

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The Do's and Don'ts of Best Writing Service Research Paper If you wish to get an exploration paper, web based composing administration like our own is definitely what you request. There are generally two sorts of papers. Premature birth examine papers can be exceedingly precarious. Papers you get from solid article administrations must be loaded with new surprising proposals and suitable models. Not every person can make an excellent paper, which is the reason a developing number of people are looking to utilize book a udit administrations to verify that the result would be well justified, despite all the trouble for perusing. In the last part you should come back to the inquiry. Essentially, it's useful to initially compose the foremost part and start and end. Particularly at long last, it is reasonable to leave the paper for a few days and right it later with some separation. Quite agitated About Best Writing Service Research Paper? 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Tips For SAT Essay College - Some Helpful Ideas For College Students

Tips For SAT Essay College - Some Helpful Ideas For College StudentsWhen the test time rolls around, there are plenty of tips for sat essay college. Of course you want to get your essay written well but what you don't want to do is skip any topics that will help you achieve the goal. If you study too much at the beginning of the semester, you will end up doing some research and come across information that will come in handy during the actual test.Knowledge and information can be a big part of how to get good grades. After all, the SAT test is no walk in the park. It is going to require you to put some serious thought into your essay. Be sure to read the tips for sat essay college by going through this tip by tip guide.One tip for how to get good grades with essays comes from self-study and memorization. The SAT is a multi-part test and each part must be mastered and not skimmed over. This will help you gain more insight on the different areas you need to focus on. As a matter of fac t, this will also help you remember if you have missed something in the middle.Another tip for how to get good grades with SAT essays will involve practicing what you have learned. As we all know, the test is based off of your prior knowledge. Therefore, practicing what you have learned is a must when you are able to write well on the SAT.There are many sources of tips for sat essay college that you can find through the internet and the SATA manual. Take the time to learn from them as well. You will be able to start taking steps to improve your essay writing skills and what not.The best way to get started is to actually go to your local bookstore and browse the back pages. This is a great way to find new tips for sat essay college that will give you some really useful pointers. Remember, this is not the test and you have some time to browse. For more helpful tips for sat essay college, you will want to look for those that were given to students during test week or that the students themselves wrote.Another tip for how to get good grades with essays will involve practicing what you have learned. This is the best way to improve your ability to write on the SAT. Take the time to practice what you have learned as well as the tips for sat essay college that you found. After all, you do not want to arrive at test time and not know anything you read.One final tip for how to get good grades with essays is that practice makes perfect. You will find that when you begin to put some work into your essay writing, you will come across more topics you did not know about. As a result, you will have better written material and hopefully you will be able to ace the SAT test.

The effect of transportation - Free Essay Example

This study will emphasise on the effect of transportation cost towards the decision of housing location. The case study will be held in Bandar Saujana Putra, Selangor. This study will be using the quantitative methods to further study the effect of transportation cost towards the decision of housing location. Background In the search for lower cost housing, working families often locate far from their place of work and this will resulting in the increasing of their transportation costs and commute times. However, for many such families, the transportation costs exceed their housing costs. According to Bernstein (2001), affordability has never been just about housing cost, it is actually the interaction between housing and transportation cost that provide more meaningful measure of affordability. Hence, choosing a location-efficient neighbourhood near transit, services and jobs, families can reduce monthly household expenses. This study will emphasise on the model of land use and prices formulated by Von Thunen in 1826, a German economist. The theory concentrates on difference in relative transport costs in different types of agricultural production. According to J. Harvey (1997), he made assumptions that a boundless flat and featureless plain over which natural resources and climate are distributed uniformly and there is a central market for the area. Furthermore, he also assumed that the farmer used uniform horse and cart transport facilities to this central market, and different foods can be grown, but since these differ in bulk, the cost of transporting them to the market also differs. For each type of product, transport cost varies directly and proportionately with distance from the central market. However, the receipts from cultivation of one hectare of land are the same for all types of product. Given by these assumptions, it pictures the rent-paying capacity as a function of transport cost and the distance from the market. As distance from the market increases the total costs are raised by the increased cost of transport of the cultivation product. However, this study will relates this theory with the decision of housing location of the case study in Bandar Saujana. It will examine whether the theory match the pattern of the housing location in regards with the transport cost. Bandar Saujana Putra is a new self-contained township located in Sepang Selangor. The township launched the first phase of the development in 2004, has an easy access to the town centre using ELITE Highway. Its easy access to the town made Bandar Saujana Putra an ideal for the case study as the resident able to travel to the respective location of their needs. Statement of Problems: The township of Bandar Saujana Putra is located approximately 20km from the centre of Kuala Lumpur and the residents enjoy an easy access via ELITE Highway. However, how the transportation cost is plays a role in determining the decision to reside in Bandar Saujana Putra? Furthermore, does the Von Thunen theory explain the pattern of location theory in the case of Bandar Saujana Putra? Objectives of Study: The main objective of the study is to examine the effects of transportation cost towards the decision of housing location. The second objective of the study is to examine whether Von Thunen theory match the pattern of location theory in Bandar Saujana Putra. Scope of Study: The study is confined to the areas of Bandar Saujana Putra, Selangor since it is located approximately 20 km away from city centre and easily accessible. The respondent of the questionnaire are limited to the residents of Bandar Saujana Putra and analysis as well as findings from the rental and property price will be used to accomplish the objectives mentioned above. The difficulty and limitation for the study arise when distributing the sample questionnaire and to get the feedback from the respondents. There will be situation where the respondents that have been approached will not or hesitate to give cooperation to the sample questionnaire. Research Methodology: The study would be done in an analytic manner. The information that is needed to examine the issue will be obtained from primary and secondary data. Primary Data: Primary data refers to the first-hand data, which required data collection. For this study, it will mainly involve in the distribution of questionnaire to the residents of Bandar Saujana Putra. The analysis will also be done according to the study areas in order to examine the transport cost of the residents. The question will be in objective manner administered to arrive to the objectives of the study. Secondary Data: The second method is secondary data which will mostly comprise of data collection through references of such as relevant books, journal, conference paper, newspaper and magazine articles and also online references. The data will also obtain from the economic text book which further explained the theory related to the study. Significant of Study: It is hoped that the anticipated outcome of this study can benefit the government especially the Town Planners in determining the structure of local city plan. While planning for housing development and also commercial hub, the developer and town planners have to consider the factors of distance and transportation as these two related closely to the affordability factor of a household. Secondly, this study will also benefit the house buyer in determining the location of the house as the distance and transportation cost is concern. The study will enlighten as how the location factors of property affects the daily budget of a household. The study also points to the importance of infill development that expands the supply of affordable housing in inner city and older suburban neighbourhoods that have good access to traditional job centres; the development of more affordable housing near transportation hubs and suburban employment centres. Lastly, the study intends to benefit the students as it will open up more discussion regarding the issue. Further research can be done to improve the findings of this study and hopefully it will beneficial towards the knowledge of the students. Organisation of Study: This study will consist of five chapters where the first chapter provides a brief concept and overview of Von Thunen theory that will be discussed further in the Literature Review. The first chapter consist of the introduction of the study and also statement problem that initiates the study. The first chapter also explained on the limitation faced on doing the study and the significance of this study. Meanwhile, the second chapter will discuss on literature review related to the study. It will mainly focus on the concept of the dynamic of Von Thunen theory in relation of the property market. The next part of the chapter will look further on the theory of urban economic and the formulation of the theory towards the locational decision. It will further strengthen the understanding of the theory based on the literature reviewed. Chapter three will discuss further on the methodology used in obtaining the information for the study. The quantitative methods of distributing questionnaire will be discussed further as well as the qualitative research methods used in the study. The qualitative research of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data is by observing the current market trend. This chapter will further emphasise on the case study chosen which is Bandar Saujana Putra, Selangor. The fourth chapter of the study will shows the analysis of the data collected previously. Information and data that is obtained from the survey of the market rental will be further detailed in this chapter using the appropriate graphs and diagrams. The analysis of the findings is further discussed in relation to the patterns of economic rent in the market. The last chapter will conclude the analysis of the findings and draws the recommendation of the further study to compliment this research. It will also determine the confirmation of the objectives of this study as well as the holistic achievement of the study. Chapter 2: Literature Review Introduction: This chapter will explain further on the previous literature and writing in regards of the urban land use in general and Von Thunen theory of locational decision. Other than that, this chapter will also discuss on the limitation of the theory as well as the formulation of the theory. Background: Urban land use comprises two elements; the nature of land use which relates to which activities are taking place, and the level of spatial accumulation which indicates their intensity and concentration. Central areas compared to peripheral area have a high level of spatial accumulation and corresponding land uses such as retail while peripheral areas, on the other hand have lower levels of accumulation. In addition most economic as suggested by Gordon (2005), social or cultural activities imply a multitude of functions, such as production, consumption and distribution. These functions take place only at specific locations and are part of an activity system. Therefore activities have a spatial imprint whereby some are routine activities as they occur regularly and are thus predictable, such as commuting and shopping. Others are institutional activities that tend to be irregular, and are shaped by lifestyle for example sports and leisure, by special needs for example healthcare. Still others are production activities that are related to manufacturing and distribution, whose linkages may be local, regional or global. In short, the behavioural patterns of individuals, institutions and firms have an imprint on land use and the representation of this imprint requires a typology of land use, which can be formal or functional: Formal land use: The representations are concerned with qualitative attributes of space such as its form, pattern and aspect and are descriptive in nature. Functional land use: The representations are concerned with the economic nature of activities such as production, consumption, residence, and transport, and are mainly a socioeconomic description of space. Residential accommodation: The stock of residential accommodation varies from multi-storey flat near the city centre, through back-to-back terrace houses and then semi-detached, to detached houses often standing in spacious ground. This stock of residential accommodation reflects decisions taken at some time in the past because of the building costs rule out the choice of new construction for a substantial part of the population. If the residence is to compete land away from other uses then sites would have to be developed to higher densities in or near the position of greatest accessibility than elsewhere, because sites in that area provide optimum location for higher order uses such as offices and retailing. According to Smith (1997), there is a relationship between a persons income, his place of residence and his place of work, although the correlation is not fixed, for individuals differ in the proportion of their incomes they choose to spend on accommodation. An individual, according to Cunningham (1999), seeking to maximise utility, must weigh his desire for access to his place of work against various possible combinations of commuting costs and accommodation prices and his other desires for urban contacts and amenities. Incomes will determine how far a households residence preference can be indulged. With differing preference consumers in the same group of income may demand different type of accommodation. On the other hand, those desiring contacts furnished by near central locations have the advantage of lower transport cost but frequently have to sacrifice certain site amenities. Where persons of unlike incomes lives at distances where they incur the same commuting costs then the person with the highest income will occupy the best accommodation, and so on. Urban Land Use: Commercial land use according to Faraday (1997) and supported by Lean (2001) involves relationships with its supplier and customers as it support the claim that land use in both formal and functional representations implies a set of relationships with other land uses. A level of accessibility to both systems of circulation must be present because relationships with suppliers will dominantly be related with movements of freight; relationships with customers would include movements of people. Since each type of land use has its own specific mobility requirements, transportation is one of the factors of activity location and is therefore associated intimately with land use. Within the urban system each activity occupies a suitable, but not necessarily optimal location, from which it derives rent. Transportation and land use interactions mostly consider the retroactive relationships between activities, which are land use related, and accessibility, which is transportation related. These relationships often have been described as a chicken-and-egg problem since it is difficult to identify the triggering cause of change; do transportation changes precede land use changes or vice-versa? Urban transportation aims at supporting transport demands generated by the diversity of urban activities in a diversity of urban contexts. A key for understanding urban entities thus lies in the analysis of patterns and processes of the transport / land use system. This system is highly complex and involves several relationships between the transport system, spatial interactions and land use: Transport system: It will consider the set of transport infrastructures and modes that are supporting urban movements of passengers and freight. It generally expresses the level of accessibility. Spatial interactions: It will consider the nature, extent, origins and destinations of the urban movements of passengers and freight. They take into consideration the attributes of the transport system as well as the land use factors that are generating and attracting movements. Land use: It will consider the level of spatial accumulation of activities and their associated levels of mobility requirements. Land use is commonly linked with demographic and economic attributes. Accessibility: Accessibility evaluates the net economic costs of moving persons and goods between one place and another place. It is, therefore, not only concerned with the distance to be travelled between two places but, more important, with the time taken to travel that distance, i.e., with all the factor costs in any journey (Lean , 2001). However, accessibility does not affect solely the real costs incurred by movement but also the real benefits derived. The residential demand for urban land also depends upon accessibility but the capital sum a residential user pays to obtain a site represents a money evaluation of the satisfaction to be derived from that site. According to Goddall (2001) residential demand depends upon utility or satisfaction and the residential user seeks that the site which allows him to maximise his utility. Thus, for the residential user travelling, whether to work, to shops, or for pleasure, represent a disutility and each person wishes to minimise these disutilities such as the time and money costs of travelling. Disutilities would be minimised if a residential user located himself on a site with a high degree of accessibility, so residential use would compete with business uses for accessible site. However, for a residential there are certain amenities considerations involved in the choice of site which confer satisfaction/utility upon the user. The amenity value of a site depends upon factors not readily assessable in financial terms such as space, quiet, fresh air, etc. According to Wardour (1997) the choice of a residential site is, in many cases, a compromise because the desire to minimise travelling disutilities demands a relatively accessible, therefore central site, whereas the quest for amenity leads towards less accessible sites some way from the city centre. Greater amenity can usually be achieved by accepting additional travelling disutility. Urban Land Use Model: Von Thunen Ring Model: The relationships between transportation and land use are rich in theoretical representations that have contributed much too geographical sciences. Several descriptive and analytical models of urban land use have been developed over time, with increased levels of complexity where all of them involve some consideration of transport in the explanations of urban land use structures according to Carter (1995). However, this study will emphasise on the oldest land use theory by Johann Heinrich Von Thunen. According to Rodrigue (2000) modern location economics began with Von Thunen (1826). Being the first to develop a basic analytical model of the relationships between markets, production, and distance he too looked upon the agricultural landscape as the purpose in this study. The relative costs of transporting different agricultural commodities to the central market determined the agricultural land use around a city. The most productive activities will thus compete for the closest land to the market and less productive activities will be located further away. The model has a set of basic assumptions which reflects agricultural conditions around a city in the early 19th century: Isolation: There is one isolated market in an isolated state having no interactions (trade) with the outside. Ubiquitous land characteristics: The land surrounding the market is entirely flat and its fertility uniform. Transportation: It is assumed there are no transport infrastructures such as roads or rivers and that farmers are transporting their production to the market using horses and carts. Transportation costs are dependent of the type of commodity being transported to the market as well as the distance involved. Comparison of the relationships between production cost, the market price and the transport cost of an agricultural commodity is explained thoroughly as follows: R = Y(p-c) Yfm R = Rent per unit of land. Y = Yield per unit of land. p = market price per unit of yield. c = Average production costs per unit of yield. m = Distance from market (in kilometers or miles). f = Freight rate per unit of yield and unit of distance. Carter (1995) further explained that all agricultural land uses are maximizing their productivity (rent) whereby in this case it is dependent upon their location from the market (Central City). Discourse community of farmer play significant role as they are to maximize his profit which is simply the market price minus the transport and production costs. The most productive activities such as gardening or milk production or activities which cost higher in transportation (firewood) are located near to the market. The above figure provides an overview of Von Thunens agricultural land use model with the basic assumptions being applied such as isolation, ubiquity, and transportation. It can be divided into two parts: The pure isolated state over an isotropic plain (left). In this case, the model takes a shape of perfect concentric circles. The potential impacts of modified transport costs (a navigable river) and the presence of a competing center (right). The relationships between agricultural land use and market distance are very difficult to establish in the contemporary context. Von Thunen primary objective was to determine the relationship between the intensities and type of agricultural production and the available markets. The physical and cultural complexities however, led him to disregard the variations in a large number of environmental and social conditions. Instead, he made seven basic assumptions, which formed the core of the theory. The ideal site consisted of completely rational (optimising) economic behaviour, an isolated state, a single central city, settlement in village far away from the city centre, and a racially homogeneous population, uniform topography, uniform climate and soil fertility, and a relatively uniform and primitive transportation cost according to Griffin (1968) and later supported by Rodrigue (2001). Sinclair (1966) however noted that Von Thunen primary concern was to discover and examine the laws which governed the pattern of agricultural land use existing in his time and within his experience. His dominant recognition was the land use pattern depended upon competition between various types of agriculture for the use of particular piece of land. The controlling factor in this competition was Economic Rent as defined here the return of investment in the land. Later it is sopported briefly by Rodrigue (2001) that form of land providing the greatest Economic Rent would make the highest bid for the land and displaced all others. The facts that transport cost increased with distance and they imparted a spatial variation to Economic Rent become an eye opener to Von Thunen whom later comes to realise that transportation costs were a primary factors determining Economic Rent. Hence, Economic Rent from any one land use can be expressed as a function of a distance from the market. Limitation of the Theory: In constructing the model complicating factors were assumed away, providing a laboratory in which the interplay between a small number of essential causal influences and their relations with certain effect could be studied. In particular this model provided a mechanism in which changing technical and economic inputs could be linked with evolving geographical patterns of production according to Samuelson (1983) and Linehan (2003). The attraction was thus, that the theory simplified the world by concentrating on the effects of one primary variable, transportation costs, on the location of agricultural production. Von Thunen himself accomplished this by creating the idea of the economic margin. In his view, land use areas were bounded by margins where one use became more cost-effective than another. Given von Thunens thesis, Peet, (1987) could attempt to explain how these factors may have changed historically and explain changes in the location of production. The uses of Von Thunen model, or derivatives of it, continue to this day among quantitative geographers for example, Wang and Guldmann (1997); Hill and Smith (1994); Linehan (2003). Even in 1966, however, the limitations of the model were accepted. Gaston (1997) followed by Linehan (2003) for instance admits Von Thunens analysis is basically descriptive rather than normative and does not explain changes over time or the possible effects of economies of scale. Despite this, Smith (2000) promotes the model because it made marginal economics geographical. In the years since these limitations in particular the fact that Von Thunen ignored changes over time have often been mentioned, but the model survives in importance in the minds of geographers and is a main subject of beginning economic geography courses. The most likely reason for this is that Von Thunen rings actually appear to exist in many cases. For instance, cities are often surrounded by a dairy ring. Von Thunen rings are one of the few very easily understandable models in geography that truly appear to explain a pattern in the world, even if the model is primarily descriptive and does not give much idea a bout how exactly this pattern came to be or what might happen to it in the future. Harvey made this argument in Social Justice and the City (1997), arguing that social scientists are attracted to models such as the Isolated State because they appear to be empirically relevant. Barnes (1998), following Haraway (1997). Latour (1987) and Linehan (2003), comments on the manner in which von Thunens model, in particular the concentric zone diagram showing agricultural land use rings of decreasing intensity with distance from the city, has been fetishized within economic geography. Barnes (1998) argues, based on the work of Barnbrock (1997) and Harvey (1997) that Von Thunens concept of the frontier wage, the just reward for work done that, if paid, would ensure worker harmony, leads to a more complete understanding of Von Thunens work. This sense of harmony was also Von Thunens vision of the isolated state in general, constructed not just an isolated state, but an ideal one. The rings were less a description of how the world is, but how it should be once social harmony was realized. The idea that the isolated state was not just descriptive but also prescriptive is emphasized by Barnbrock (1997), who writes that for von Thunen the Isolated State is the true representation of the final end mankind should strive for. He further quotes von Thunen, who states in the Isolated State we have in mind only the final goal. Harvey points out, however, that this was an essentially conservative goal. Through the imposition of the frontier wage and a more harmonious land use pattern, class conflict and social polarization would be minimized within German society. The lesson learned by neo-classical economists, Harvey argues, was that economic science could seek and spell out principles of social harmony without appeal to the political economy of the spatial fix. The use of Von Thunens ideas within geography highlights the conflicts within a discipline that strives both to find regularity in the world and to explain the patterns seen in specific places. The Isolated State theory is attractive because it one of the few easily understood location theories for which empirical examples can be easily drawn. Of course, these examples are never absolutely correct and often seem overly simplistic. Barnes (1998) analysis of Von Thunen and the social construction of Von Thunens theory within economic geography particularly help understand the use of Von Thunen within agricultural economics supported by Watson (2005). The idea that Von Thunens theories were not just descriptive but also prescriptive more closely parallels the attitudes of the agricultural economists, who were searching not just to describe land use but often also to restrict it in order to build a more harmonious dairy economy. Formulation of the Theory towards Locational Decision: In an attempt to test the hypothesis that market forces largely allocate the supply of sites among the alternatives uses within the urban area, Von Thunens agriculture land use model is adapted. The rising transportation costs explain the differentials rent among homogenous site as stated in the theory explained by Moss (2001). Understood the accessibility within an urban market will be at maximum at the city centre; the assumptions of a competitive market and a homogenous site will be given. As far as transport and commuting cost is concern the accessibility tend to decrease when distance from the market centre increases. Moss (2001) concluded that firms and households have no intentions to change location and ceteris paribus because profits and other objectives are maximised. Next output is optimal and the maximum efficiency of the city as a productive unit is realised. In fact, the resulting structure of land uses reflect institutional arrangement such as zoning ordinance, transportation system and policies of financial institutional as well as the competitive ranking of the city, i.e. its economic base. The location of firms and households within this structure depends heavily upon competitive bidding for specific sites since rent differentials result market forces require from each site that rent resulting from maximum utilisation or highest and best use. Maximum economic rent occurs at the market centre because the supply of sites and average transportation and commuting costs for the local market are least according to Seyfried (1963). Seyfried (1963), followed by Linehan (2003) also suggested that the wages and interest are among production costs and they are assumed to be independent of location, but transportation costs rise as distance increases which later cause the rent, the surplus of gross revenue over production costs, decline proportionately. The supply of sites, i.e., more and larger land unit, increases with the distance from centre. Therefore competing user of sites will locate relative to their economic rent potential so that a structure of site values relative to location results from market forces. This structure of urban land market can be visualised as a rent or value surface; the market centre is the apex which is the point or area of highest site value. In the other word, rent decline with distance so do the value and land uses too change. If sites of equal value are related, the iso-value lines or contours are a function of site rent or value. Thus the spatial structure of land uses or the urba n land market at a moment of time can be shown by the rent or value function or gradient. Conclusion: The chapter on literature has discussed the concept of urban land use, the linkage between urban land use and the Von Thune theory, limitation on the theory as well as formulation of Von Thunen theory. The following chapter will discuss on the methodology of the study used in gathering all the information needed. CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: Introduction: This chapter discusses in details the research methodology, which ensured that the objectives of the study can be achieved in a proper way. An appropriate research methodology application may avoid deviation against the objectives and gives clearer understanding on how the study is to be carried out. Validity of the research data and reliability of measurement will affect the practical research and accuracy of the result. Thus, the research methodology is directly connected to objective and problem statement of research. The second part of this chapter will go into details of the case study of Bandar Saujana Putra, Selangor. According to Yin (2003) a case study design should be considered when: the focus of the study is to answer how and why questions; you cannot manipulate the behaviour of those involved in the study; you want to cover contextual conditions because you believe they are relevant to the phenomenon under study; or the boundaries are not clear between the phenomenon and context. Research Design: Research design can be classified into exploratory research and conclusive research. Exploratory research design is mostly in qualitative nature while conclusive research design is in quantitative nature. It is more focus on the collecting data from primary or secondary data. It also involves in many qualitative data collection techniques such as focus groups and depth interview (Shukla, 2008). Qualitative data collection will provide a lot of information, however it also hard to interpret from the data collection. Meanwhile, qualitative case study is an approach to research that facilitates exploration of a phenomenon within its context using a variety of data sources. This ensures that the issue is not explored through one lens, but rather a variety of lenses which allows for multiple facets of the phenomenon to be revealed and understood (Baxter, 2006). Conclusive research design as mention earlier, it is in quantitative nature. It also determining the frequency when an event is occurs. The data collection or findings from conclusive research design are more reliable due to the statistical analysis. There are two types of data collection in the research design: primary data and secondary data. Primary data are the data originated by researcher to define and analyze the problems according to their research (Shukla, 2008). Secondary data can be collected from any sources. It may be able to be found in journal, newspaper or through internet. For this study, it will mainly use conclusive research design, which is quantitative in nature. Survey method is adopted and will be conducted by distributing questionnaire to the target group of the study. Respondents of 75 residents of Bandar Saujana Putra will give their answer or opinion of the real situation. However, a structured questionnaire will be conducted as it is less relies on the open interpretation of the respondents. The survey method can be analysed by using Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) 17.0. Method of Data Collection: There are two types of data collection used in this study: primary data and secondary data. In primary data collection, the data is collected using methods such as interviews and questionnaires. The key point here is that the data collected is unique and cannot be accessed by anyone else unless it is published. Secondary data is data that has already been collected by someone else for a different purpose. Primary Data: There are three different method used in collecting primary which are through questionnaire, interview and observation. These methods include qualitative and quantitative data. For example, questionnaire is quantitative data as it is analyzed and presented in tabular and graph form. Meanwhile interview and observation are qualitative data as it mostly on words and text. Secondary Data: As secondary data is the data that already been published for reference to others in related field, data from books, journals, newspapers and websites are gathered and included in the research. Secondary data can be used in two different ways. Firstly, report the data as its original and the second one is reporting the same data for a different purpose to the original. Data Analysis: Data analysis which is used for this study is Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS).It is a computer application which can analyse data statistically and accurate. This computer application can be used for whichever research measurement and scaling that researcher use prepare in the questionnaire. It is also allows preparation, analytical reporting, modelling, table and graphic to analyse the data collection. SPSS has already changed their product name to Predictive Analytics Software in 2009. Case Study: Bandar Saujana Putra: Bandar Saujana Putra is taken as the case study for this study because it has a pattern similar to the theory studied. Von Thunen simplified everything on his theory by assuming that villages were located on flat plains and they used the transportation systems. These two assumptions were important to his conclusion. His central concern was the importance of transportation cost or effort, and the pattern of uses provided people with the easiest access to those places they had to go to most often (Mckenzie, 2001). For this particular study, a survey of the decision making of residence of Bandar Saujana Putra in regards of the location is conducted and sought to determine the types of decisions made by the respondents and the factors that influenced the decision making. A case study was chosen because the case was the decision making of the residence of Bandar Saujana Putra, but the case could not be considered without the context, the demand, and more specifically the location and the income proportion. It was in these settings that the decision making skills were developed and utilised. Background: Bandar Saujana Putra is located in Mukim Tanjung Dua Belas, Daerah Kuala Langat. It is held under the jurisdiction of Majlis Daerah Kuala Langat. The township is developed by LBS Bina Sdn Bhd and Talam Corporation Sdn Bhd. The district of Kuala Langat is compartmentalise into two section, the first area comprise of 62.924 square kilometres is held under Majlis Daerah Kuala Langat, and the rest is held under Pejabat Daerah Kuala Langat. It is located in the southwest region of the state of Selangor and it is bordering the southern part of Klang and western region of Sepang. The total population of the whole district is currently reaching up to 200,000 with the majority of Malays, followed by Chinese and Indians. For the population distribution according to the municipal record, more than half of the population is still living in the rural areas. Bandar Saujana Putra: Bandar Saujana Putra is located adjacent to other townships of Putra Heights and UEP Subang Jaya. The integrated development of Bandar Saujana Putra comprise of the total areas of 498.73 hectares, by LBS Bina Sdn Bhd and Talam Corporation Sdn Bhd. The number of residential units is 9,325 and the total area of commercial unit is 27.88 hectares. According to the developer, up to date, the total population for the township are 46,625 and there is still 60% of the project has not been completed yet. The estimated Gross Development Value of this township is RM 5 billion, spanning over a period of 5-8 years. Since its first launch in February 2003, it has sold more than 4,000 units of development. Bandar Saujana Putra is easily accessible via Lebuhraya Utara-Selatan Lingkaran Tengah (ELITE Highway), E6. The accessibility of the township is further enhanced by the construction of ELITE Highway Interchange dedicated to this township, which has been completed and opened to the public since February 2008; this interchange will provide the residents of Bandar Saujana Putra easy access to Petaling Jaya, Kuala Lumpur, Cyberjaya, Putrajaya and the KLIA. Developers: Talam Corporation Berhad (Talam) is a Malaysia-based company that is principally engaged in the provision of management services, investment holding, and property development. The Company has two segments: Property investment and development is engaged in investment holdings, development of residential and commercial properties, and Hotel and recreation, which operates and manages hotel and club and other related services. Property investment and development is the core business of Talam, which contributed 93.5% of its turnover during the fiscal year ended January 31, 2009 (fiscal 2009). Some of the Companys wholly owned subsidiaries include Abra Development Sdn. Bhd., which is engaged in property development and investment holding; Era-Casa Sdn. Bhd., which is engaged in investment holding; Expand Factor Sdn. Bhd., which is engaged in property development and investment holding, and Galian Juta Sdn. Bhd., which is engaged in property development. Saujana Putra is a project undertaken by Galian Juta Sdn Bhd, a wholly owned subsidiary of Talam Corporation measuring about 200 acres in size, is located opposite Putra Heights in Mukim Tanjung Duabelas, Kuala Langat District. With a proposed development comprising low to medium cost apartments and medium cost terrace house, it will generate a Gross Development Value of RM351.2 million over a development life span of six (6) to seven (7) years. Suajana Putra which was launched in 2003 has achieved sales of 498 units valued at RM69.9 million as at 31 January 2005. LBS Bina Sdn Bhd has expanded rapidly after its listing on Bursa Malaysia through a reverse takeover. This takeover has also extended LBS wing across the globe into Zhuhai, China. Presently LBS Group has operation in the Klang Valley, Perak, Pahang and Johor in Malaysia as well as in Zhuhai, China. Despite venturing into other business such as investment holding, property management, turfing and landscape contracting, insurance agent, trading in building materials and selling of membership cards covering personal insurance, property development still continue to be the main activity of the Group. Summary: All the case study had successfully put up good result in the location and background of Bandar Saujana Putra. It has a very significant characteristic to carry out the study. CHAPTER 4: RESEARCH FINDINGS ANALYSIS: Introduction: The previous chapter has discussed the methodology and case study of this dissertation. The research has been conducted by using the data obtained from the survey distributed to the respondents. The general information of the respondents will also be discussed in order to study the demography of the study area. Research Designs: The research is based on 21 structured questionnaires which relate to factor why the respondent choose to reside in Bandar Saujana Putra in regard to the transportation cost they incurred. The sets of 75 respondents who live in Bandar Saujana Putra were distributed with the questionnaire. Data Analysis Technique: Response from the questionnaire sheets received from the respondents will be accumulated and sorted by using SPSS 17.0 and the result are shown in pie chart, bar graph. Age Structure: Age is significant in analysing the population of the case study. From the survey that has been done, it shows that majority of 49.33% of the respondents are in the aged of 35 to 44 years old. It followed by the group aged 26-34 years old amounting to 18.7% and 20% of them aged 44 years old and above. The remaining of 12% of the respondents of this survey aged 17-25 years old. The housing demand and the decision to reside in a particular location strongly influenced by the stage of human life cycle based on their needs and demand. Hence, it is important to study the correlation between the age and the decision to reside in Bandar Saujana Putra. Marital Status: As we can see from the pie chart above, it shows that 58.67% of the total respondents are married, followed by 24% are divorced and the remaining of 17.33% are still single. Closely related to the prime marital status mentioned above indicates that the first time buying purchasers. It is also indicates an important demand of the real estate in the country. In Malaysia generally, it shows that most of the housing owner are married and only minority of them are single. It is also indicates that Bandar Saujana Putra is preferred by the married couple rather than singles and divorcee. Employment Status: Based on the information gathered, almost half of the respondents which is 49.33% is working in a private sectors, whereas 25.33% working in public sectors. The remaining of 18.67% and 6.67% are working independently and retired respectively. In general, Bandar Saujana Putra accommodates people in a private sector compared to other sectors. The choice of house characteristics and the location is indirectly determined by the employment status of the owner. Demand pressure in property is related with the increasing employment in the various economic sectors, thus affected the demand for the housing stocks in Bandar Saujana Putra. Ownership Status: Based on the pie chart above, it is found out that majority of the respondents owned the house that they occupied, which is 74.67% and the remaining of 25.33% are tenant. It shows that majority of the population in Bandar Saujana Putra prefer to buy the house rather than renting probably because of affordability factors. Monthly Loan: According to the bar chart above, it indicates that almost 34% of the respondents pay the monthly loan repayment for their house between RM1001-RM1200 and the same percentage for the amount of monthly loan repayment of RM1201-RM1400. The figure is followed by 25% of the respondent pay RM1401-RM1600 and remaining minority of 5.36% and 1.79% pay the amount of monthly loan repayment of RM700-RM1000 and RM1601 and above respectively. From the figure, we can conclude that the almost 70% of the respondents own at least a double-storey terrace house in Bandar Saujana Putra based on the loan repayment. Meanwhile, for those who pay below RM1000 probably bought an apartment unit or flat in Bandar Saujana Putra. Monthly rental: Based on the question earlier, only 25.33% of the respondent renting the house they occupy whereas the rest own the house they occupied. Based on the 25.33% of the respondent, 63.16% pay the monthly rental of RM701-900, followed by 21.05% of the tenants pay RM500-RM700 monthly for the house. Whereas, the remaining of 15.79% of the tenants pay the monthly rental of RM901-RM1100 for the house they occupy. The catchment of rental in Bandar Saujana Putra is slightly lower compared to the surrounding areas such as Putra Heights. Based on the observation on the current market rental, double-storey terrace house catch a rental between RM701-RM900 per month. From the graph above, we can conclude that more than half of the tenants choose to rent out a double-storey terrace house rather than flats, apartments or semi-detached house. Household Size: According to the data above, the total of 28% of the respondent are having the household size of 5 and above, followed by 26.67% or the respondents are having the household size of 4. The household size of 3 persons amounting to 20% of the total respondents and followed by singles, 17.33% having household size of 1 and the remaining of 8% are having 2 persons in the household. It shows that the majority of the population in Bandar Saujana Putra are families. From the household size that is collected, majority of the working families with children choose Bandar Saujana Putra compared to the singles and married couples without children. Monthly Household Income: Based on the survey distributed, the majority of 40% of the respondents earning between RM3001-RM5000 per month for the household, followed by 33.33% of the households earn between RM1001-RM3000 per month. The figure is followed closely with the total of 21.33% of the households earn between RM5001-RM7000 per month. The minor group of 4% earn below RM1000 per month for the household and the remaining of 1.33% of the household earn RM7001 and above. Income is the major determinant when it comes to the decision to reside in a particular location. Increasing income level is parallel by an upgrading in what are considered as essential. From the data that we obtain, we are able to identify the proportion of the income that is spent on the real estate consumption; hence it will indicate the demand of the residential unit. Distance between the house and work place: Based on the survey done, the total of 38.67% of the respondents travel 11-20km daily to their work place, while 34.67% of the respondents travel 21-30km daily to get to the work. The number is followed by 16% of the respondents travel 31-40km daily to their work place. The remaining of 6.67% and 4% of the respondents travel to get to their workplace as far as 1-10km and 40km and above respectively. According to this study, distance is a major determinant for the respondents to decide whether or not to reside in the said area. Further analysis will be done in order to identify the correlation between the distance and the cost to travel to work. Transportation mode: Majority of the respondents, according to this survey are using private as their transportation mode to get to other places. Meanwhile, totalled up of 29.33% of the respondents are using motorcycles as their mode of transportation. The remaining of 8% of the respondents is using public transportations to get to other places. The mode of transportation also plays a major determinant of the ones cost of transportation. Say, if a person using a motorcycle to move around, it will reduce the cost incurred. However factors such as family size and income will determine the mode of transportation they choose. Transportation costs:,/li Based on the bar chart above, the total of 49.33% of the respondents spent between RM101-RM200 per month for the transportation cost and followed by 29.33% of the respondents spent RM201-RM300 monthly for travelling expenses which includes petrol. The remaining 17.33% of the respondents spent below RM100 for the travelling expenses monthly and the minority group of 4% spent more than RM300 monthly for the transportation. The cost will rely mostly on the distance travelled and the type of transportation they are using. Toll expenditure: The graph shows that more than half of the respondents, which is 58.67% spent less than RM100 per month for toll and followed by 36% of the respondents spent between RM101-RM200 monthly for toll. Meanwhile, the remaining of 5.33% of the respondents spent in between RM201-RM300 per month for toll. In order to minimise their expenditure, half of the respondents only pay less than RM100 per month for toll, and use other alternatives road without having to pay for toll. Purpose of travel besides working: Based on the pie chart above, the population of Bandar Saujana Putra who took part in this survey go on a travel for family matter besides working are totalled up to 46.6.7% and followed by choosing to travel for leisure with the amount of 36% of the respondents. Meanwhile, the remaining of 17.33% of the respondents chooses to travel because of other commitment such as healthcare matters, education and etc. Travelling frequency (besides working) in weekly basis: According to the graph above 40% of the respondents travel other than goes for work three times weekly, followed by 37.33% of the respondents travel for other means four times weekly. Then 10.67% of the respondents travel two times weekly for other purpose than work, then 9.33% travel more, which is five times weekly and the remaining of 2.67% of the respondents choose to travel once every week for other purpose than working. A lot of factors can be considered when deciding to travel for other means, however, it is identified that the main drive of the decision to travel other than working is income. Higher income group of people are usually more convenient to travel for other means as they have extra income to spend on. Transportation cost for travelling purpose (besides working): Based on the graph above, 56% of the respondents spent RM101-RM200 monthly for the travelling purpose other than working, followed by 33.33% spent more which is RM201-RM300 monthly for other purpose than working. The remaining 8% and 2.67% of the respondents spent more than RM301 and below RM100 per month respectively. As mentioned earlier, higher income earner usually spent more on travelling besides going to work, and based on the analysis earlier, more than half of the household who took part in this survey earning in between RM3000-RM5000. Housing Cost and Transportation Cost: Based on the graph above, the total of 49.33% of the respondents considered that the money they spent on housing cost monthly worth the money spent on transport cost. It means that the proportion of the household income they earned monthly is balance between the biggest expenditure they incur monthly, which are housing cost and transportation cost. The remaining of 33.33% of the respondents however think that the money they spent on transportation cost is not worth compared to housing cost they paid monthly. For instance, this group of respondents think that they paid a high sum of money for the house they occupy in Bandar Saujana Putra, but still, they have to spend more on transportation. The group of 17.33% of the respondents however, think that the balance between the stwo expenditure is neutral. Factor on how much spent for transportation cost: This analysis shows that 45.33% of the respondents consider monthly household income as the main factors contributing on how much they spent on transport cost, meaning that their income determine how far their preference can be indulged in terms of travelling. The second biggest group consist of 32% of the respondents think that distance to work place is the main factor towards the amount of money they spent on transportation cost. From the analysis, it shows that this group of people are mostly middle to lower income earner because they tend to make decision based on the important factor such as work rather than travelling for other purpose. The remaining of 17.33% and 5.33% of the respondents suggested that the most important factors that determine how much money they spent on transport are frequency of travelling and travelling for other purpose besides working. Housing cost factor in determining housing location: Housing cost is definitely one of the most important factors influencing residential demand and creates buyers intention before they made up decision to own a house in a particular location. From the bar graph above, majority of 60% of the respondents agree that housing cost is an important factor in determining their decision to occupy a particular residential unit, while 32% of the respondents think that cost is a very important factor. Meanwhile, the remaining of 8% from the respondents does not think housing cost is an important factor to make a decision in regards of occupying a residential unit. Transportation cost factor in determining housing location: Transportation cost supposes to be the second biggest issue in determining a particular location to reside. Most of the household spent a lot of money to the two factors mentioned before. It is proved by the survey done where 62.67% of the respondents think that transportation cost incurred when living in a particular location. The figure is followed by 26.67% of the respondents think that transportation cost is a very important factor in arriving to their decision about a particular location. Meanwhile, only the minority group of 10.67% of the respondents does not think that transportation cost is important when they decide to live in Bandar Saujana Putra. Traffic congestion factor in determining housing location: Based on the location and the accessibility of Bandar Saujana Putra, it is located outside the traffic congested area, hence most of the respondents suggested that traffic factor does not effects their decision in choosing location for their house. The remaining of 8% of the respondent considers traffic problem as not important whereas a minority group of 4% of the respondents think that traffic congested is highly important. Education factor in determining housing location: Since Bandar Saujana Putra has been a preferred choice by the working families to reside, more than 26.67% of the respondents considered education for their children is an important factor in determining housing location, whereas majority of 53.33% of the respondents suggested that education is not even a factor in determining housing location due to the paying ability of the family to send their kids to school which are not in the neighbourhood. The remaining minority group of 18.67% and 1.33% of the respondents suggested that children education factor is not important and very important respectively. Surrounding factor in determining housing location: Surrounding plays and important roles in determining the location of the house they want to occupy. The totalled of 44% of the respondents considered surrounding factor as both important and neutral when deciding the location of their house. The remaining of 6.67% of the respondents disregard the surrounding factor and the rest of 5.33% of the respondents considered surrounding as a very important factor in determining the location. Correlation between monthly loan repayment and distance travel: According to the survey, there are 5.3% of the respondents who paid the housing cost between RM1201-RM1400 travels to the nearest distance of between 1-10km. From Bandar Saujana Putra, one likely to work in Putra Heights, Dengkil and Shah Alam which are located merely 10 km away via ELITE Highway. The group travelling between the distances of 11-20 km to work place consist of 66.7% of respondents who paid RM700-RM1000 for monthly loan repayment, 57.9% who paid RM1001-RM1200 monthly for their house and 36.8% of respondents who paid between RM1201-RM1400. According to the observation, employment centres which are likely located within the distance of 11-20 km away from Bandar Saujana Putra are Putrajaya, Cyberjaya, Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA), Bandar Sunway and Petaling Jaya. For the traveller within the distance of 21-30 km to the workplace, it consist of 33.33% of respondents coming from the group who paid housing cost of RM700-RM1000 monthly, followed by 26.3% of respondents who paid RM1001-RM1200 monthly for house. The next group who travel between 21-30 km to their work place, is from the group of respondents who paid between RM1201-RM1400 monthly for their house which totalled up to 42.1%, followed by 42.9% of the respondents who paid between RM1401-RM1600 and 100% of respondents who paid monthly loan repayment of between RM1601 and above. Employment centres which are likely located within 21-30 km away from Bandar Saujana Putra are Kuala Lumpur City Centre, Ampang, Nilai, Gombak and just to name a few. Going further, the total of 19.6% of the respondents is travelling within the distance of 31-40km away from study area to get to their work place. From that amount, it consist of 10.5% of the respondents who paid between RM1001-RM1200 monthly for their house, followed by 15,8% of the respondents who paid in between RM1201-RM1400 for the monthly loan repayment. The total group of 42.9% of the respondents who paid RM1401-RM1600 monthly for the house also travel within the distance of 31-40km to get to the work. The employment centres which are located within 31-40km away from study area are Seremban and just name a few. Only minority group of 5.4% of the total respondents travel to work more than 40 km daily to get to work. This group consist of 5.3% of the respondents who paid for the house RM1001-RM1200 monthly and followed by 14.3% of respondents who paid RM1401-RM1600 monthly for loan repayment for the house. Correlation between monthly rental and distance travelled: According to the bar graph above, it shows that 50% of the respondents who paid monthly rental of RM500-RM700 travelled daily to work within the distance of 1-10km, followed by 16.7% of the respondents who paid in between RM701-RM900 travelled within the same distance to their work place. Moving further from the study area, 50% of the respondents who paid monthly rental of RM500-RM700 travel to work within the distance of 11-20km, followed by 41.7% of the respondents who paid monthly rental of RM701-RM900 travel to work within the same distance. The total of 66.7% of the respondents who paid RM901-RM1100 monthly for the house also travel to work within the distance of 11-20km daily. The total of 41.7% of the respondents who paid monthly rental of RM701-RM900 travel within the distance of 21-30km daily to their work place. The remaining of 33.3% of the respondent who paid monthly rental of RM901-RM1100 travel further, which is 30-40 km daily to their respective work place. Correlation between monthly loan repayment and transportation cost: According to the graph above, 33.33% of the respondents who paid RM700-RM1000 monthly for their housing loan repayment spent below RM100 monthly for the transportation cost to work. The number is followed by 21.1% of the respondents who paid monthly loan repayment of RM1001-RM1200 spent less than RM100 per month for their transportation cost. Meanwhile, for the group of respondents who spent RM101-RM200 per month for transportation cost consist of 66.7% from the group of respondent who paid monthly loan repayment of RM700-RM1000, followed by 47.4% of the respondents who paid monthly instalment of RM1001-RM1200. The graph also shows that 63.2% of the respondents who paid monthly instalment of RM1201-RM1400 for their house also spent between RM101-RM200 on transportation cost to their work place. For the respondents who paid monthly instalment of RM1401-RM1600, the total of 35.7% of them spent between this ranges on transport, followed by 100% of the respondents who paid more than RM1600 monthly for housing loan. For the next analysis, it shows pattern that 31.6% of the respondents who paid monthly loan repayment of RM1001-RM1200 for their housing mortgage spent on transport in the range of RM201-RM300 monthly followed by 26.3% of respondents who paid RM1201-RM1400 monthly for their house and the remaining of 50% of the respondents who paid RM1401-RM1600 for their housing loan also spent on transport for the same amount. The last group in the analysis is the one who spent the most in transportation cost, which is between RM301-RM400 per month to get to work. It consists of 5.3% of the respondent who paid for their house of RM1201-RM1400, followed by 14.3% of the respondents who paid monthly instalment of RM1401-RM1600. However, distance is not the only factor determining the transportation cost incurred by the respondents. There are crucial factors such as the mode of transportation they used, i.e., public transportation usually cost lower than private cars. Factors such as the frequency of travelling and petrol price also play determinant in transportation cost. Correlation between monthly rental and transportation cost: According to the bar graph above, the total of 75% of the respondents who paid monthly rental of RM500-RM700 spent less than RM100 monthly on transportation cost, followed by 33.3% of the respondents who paid monthly rental of RM701-RM900. For the group of respondents who spent between RM101-RM200 monthly for transportation cost, it consists of 25% of the respondents who paid rental of RM500-RM700, 33.3% of the respondents who paid RM701-RM900 on their house rent and lastly the group of 100% of the respondents who paid between RM901-RM1100 for their house. The last group of 33.3% of the respondents who paid RM701-RM900 monthly for rent spent the most on transportation cost which is RM201-RM300. Summary: This chapter is about findings, analysis and discussions of the data collected throughout the survey. From all the graphs above, it has discussed the pattern of housing location in regards of the transportation cost. The following chapter will discuss about the conclusions from the analysis of this study. Then, recommendations are being made for the future research to improve this study. CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Introduction: This chapter will summarise all the finding from the previous chapter, hence draw the conclusions and recommendations. It will further illustration of the objectives that have been achieved from the study done. The secvbjhvbgfyy;de[4eugi hond part of the study will give suggestion on future study to enhance and improved this study. Conclusion: Looking back at the objectives draw initially, this study aims to determine the effects of transportation cost towards the decision of housing location and also to examine whether Von Thunen theory match the pattern of location theory of Bandar Saujana Putra. Based on the survey distributed to 75 respondents which are the residents of Bandar Saujana Putra and the analysis and correlation between the significant factors, the conclusion can be drawn for this study.